台湾相思截干促萌短轮伐期的育林技术研究

1984年于厦门市翔安区内厝镇前垵村,采用不同造林密度、施用不同种类有机肥、不同直径截干促萌等处理进行试验。结果表明,对台湾相思截干促萌短轮伐期的育林,以造林密度1.5 m×1.5 m,施用垃圾土及林木地径为12~16 cm截干为最佳组合。     

立地管理措施对2代4年生杉木林生长的影响

在福建省南平峡阳国有林场开展5种不同立地管理措施对1片29a生第1代杉木人工林采伐后营造的4a生第2代杉木人工林生产力影响的研究。研究结果表明,5种处理的第2代杉木林地位指数与第1代相比均略有下降。BL3BM0(收获树干和树皮、加倍采伐剩余物)处理的4a生2代杉木林生长最好,地位指数仅比1代下降0．67;其次为BL0BM0(收获地上所有有机质)处理,地位指数比1代下降0．85;BL1BM0(清走树木的所有部分)处理杉木生长最差,地位指数下降1．67。炼山处理(BL2BM1)与保留相同数量采伐剩余物而不炼山的处理(BL2BM0)相比,杉木生长没有显著差异。     

Tree growth and stand development of four Populus clones in large monoclonal plots

Four clones of Populus were planted in replicated monoclonal plots near Olympia, WA, to evaluate their suitability for use in short-rotation culture. All clones were easily established and had minimal problems from damaging agents during the first five years. Observed differences among clones in pattern and amount of growth appeared to be associated with differences in number and density of buds, sylleptic branching, and phenology. In addition, differences in drought tolerance and stockability may also have influenced clonal differences in annual growth and stand productivity. Individual tree growth was limited by the dense 1.0-m spacing, but the best-growing clones averaged 13 to 16 m tall, 7 to 9 cm in breast-high diameter (1.3 m), and produced stand basal areas exceeding 38 m²ha^-1at 8 years. Mortality was negligible for 7 years, after which various combined effects of competition, stem borer damage (Cryptorhyncus lapathi), and a severe windstorm caused mortality ranging from 18 to 36% in the three fastest growing clones.     

系统参数对油菜籽挤压机生产率影响的研究

设计了带有榨笼的挤压机用于油菜籽挤压膨化.通过二次旋转正交组合试验,研究了油菜籽含水率、套筒温度、主轴转速及模孔直径对挤压机生产率影响规律,建立了系统参数与生产率的数学模型.结果表明:大模孔、高温、高转速、高含水率可获得高生产率;相反,小模孔、低转速、低温、低含水率的参数组合导致生产率低.     

Cover crop effects on nitrogen load in tile drainage from Walnut Creek Iowa using root zone water quality (RZWQ) model

Studies quantifying winter annual cover crop effects on water quality are mostly limited to short-term studies at the plot scale. Long-term studies scaling-up water quality effects of cover crops to the watershed scale provide more integrated spatial responses from the landscape. The objective of this research was to quantify N loads from artificial subsurface drainage (tile drains) in a subbasin of the Walnut Creek, Iowa (Story county) watershed using the hybrid RZWQ-DSSAT model for a maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize-maize-soybean rotations in all phases with and without a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop during a 25-year period from 1981 to 2005. Simulated cover crop dry matter (DM) and N uptake averaged 1854 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the spring in the maize-soybean phase of the 2-year rotation and 1895 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase during 1981-2005. In the 3-year rotation, cover crop DM and N uptake averaged 2047 and 44 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-maize-soybean phase, 2039 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize-maize phase, and 1963 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean-maize phase during the same period. Annual N loads to tile drains averaged 29 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean phase and 25 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase compared to 21 and 20 kg ha⁻¹ in the same phases with a cover crop. In the 3-year rotation, annual N loads averaged 46, 43, and 45 kg ha⁻¹ in each phase of the rotation without a cover crop and 37, 35, and 35 kg ha⁻¹ with a cover crop. These results indicate using a winter annual cover crop can reduce annual N loads to tile drains 20-28% in the 2-year rotation and 19-22% in the 3-year rotation at the watershed subbasin scale over a 25-year period.     

不同处理方法对青海普通菜籽粕抗营养因子及营养成分影响的研究

采用铁盐法和生物发酵法对青海普通菜籽粕进行脱毒处理,对处理后菜籽粕中的抗营养因子硫葡甙（GL）？噁唑烷硫酮（OZT）？异硫氰酸酯（ITC）和植酸以及常规营养成分干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分等进行测定,并与双低菜籽粕加以比较和评价。结果表明,利用生物发酵法对青海普通菜籽粕进行脱毒处理,脱毒效果较为明显,不仅可提高菜籽粕...     

黄土高原旱地小麦与豆科绿肥轮作及施氮对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响

小麦与豆科绿肥轮作和合理施用氮肥对黄土高原旱地缺素地区具有特别重要意义.本试验以夏休闲为对照,比较了小麦与绿豆、大豆、秋豆轮作和氮肥水平(0、108、135、162kg/hm2)对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响.结果表明,小麦与豆科绿肥轮作,在黄土高原早地受水分限制影响,小麦产量降低9.7%～26.6%;同时,与休闲处理相较...     

Effects of fertilization and irrigation on American sycamore and black locust planted on a reclaimed surface mine in Appalachia

Short rotation woody biofuel plantations on reclaimed surface mines in Appalachia can diversify domestic energy supplies and facilitate the reforestation of these disturbed lands. This study examined growth, survival, biomass accumulation and allocation, and nitrogen concentrations following two growing seasons in American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings receiving irrigation, granular fertilization, and irrigation + fertilization compared with untreated controls. Fertilization increased basal diameter, height, and stem mass of American sycamore following two growing seasons. Increased stem production was attributed to accelerated development and not shifts in biomass allocation due to treatment. Irrigation and irrigation + fertilization treatments did not enhance growth or biomass accumulation of American sycamore. Similarly, black locust basal diameter, height, and stem mass did not differ among the treatments. Browse surveys showed that more than 76% of black locust seedlings experienced arrested or retrogressed growth due to browse; less than 3% of American sycamores were browsed. This intensive browse by ungulates, likely including reintroduced elk, may have affected growth differences among species and confounded the effects of treatments on black locust. Survival was unaffected by treatment in both species, but mean survival was greatest in American sycamore (80%) compared to black locust (58%). Per tree total nitrogen uptake was highest in fertilized American sycamore (7.9 g) and lowest in irrigated American sycamore (0.9 g). The results of our study suggest that granular fertilizer applications can accelerate seedling growth on reclaimed surface mines in the Appalachian region.     

连栽马尾松人工林土壤肥力比较研究

采用配对样地法,以不同栽植代数(1、2 代)、不同发育阶段(8、15、18、20 a)的马尾松人工林为对象,研究了连栽幼龄林、中龄林土壤肥力的变化情况。结果表明:连栽后,无论是幼龄林还是中龄林,林地土壤密度趋于下降,土壤总孔隙度和含水率则呈上升趋势,林地土壤物理性质得到改善,且中龄林20~40 cm层土壤密度和总孔隙度在1、2代间的差异达显著水平;连栽后,林地土壤全K、全Mg及pH值趋于下降,而有机质、全N、全P、全Ca及速效N、P、K养分均呈上升趋势,且幼龄林0~20 cm层土壤有效P含量以及土壤pH值、中龄林0~20 cm层土壤水解N含量以及土壤全N、有效P、速效K、全K含量在1、2代间的差异达显著或极显著水平。连栽后,幼龄林和中龄林土壤全Fe、Al、Cu、Zn、Mn含量均呈下降趋势,且Mn含量在1、2代幼龄林和中龄林间的差异达显著水平。